“脫歐”兩周年，英國現在還好嗎？關于“脫歐”的最全知識點總結！
2016年6月23日，英國人用一場浩浩蕩蕩的公投，正式決定與歐盟（European Union）分道揚鑣。
兩年后的6月23日，上萬名反對“脫歐”（anti-Brexit）的抗議者涌上了倫敦街頭，呼吁這個國家重新做出選擇。
英國人究竟怎么看待“脫歐”兩周年呢？快戳下面這個視頻，看看他們是怎么說的！
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其實，“脫歐”這個詞不只是近幾年才進入大家視野的，早在2013年，英國時任首相戴維·卡梅倫（David Cameron）就提出了“脫歐”的概念。那么英國是如何一步步走向今天的呢？
雙語君（微信ID：Chinadaily_Mobile）精心為你整理了關于“脫歐”的必備知識，帶你一起看懂英國“脫歐”兩周年。
2013.01.22 首相卡梅倫首次提及“脫歐”
2013年1月22日當天，戴維·卡梅倫針對英國與歐盟的關系發表了他準備已久的演講。
BBC的報道中提到：
Mr Cameron said he planned to renegotiate parts of the UK's relationship with Europe and put that changed membership package to the British people in an in-out referendum after the next general election, by the end of 2017.
他計劃在2017年底之前重新針對英國與歐洲關系進行談判，并且如果成功連任，將舉行全民公投。
為什么他會發表這樣一番言論呢？
Mr Cameron had been facing mounting pressure from within the Eurosceptic ranks of his own Conservative Party, and the UK Independence Party, which is unhappy with the current relationship between the UK and the European Union. For months now, the promise has been that these questions will all be answered in a big speech.
因為卡梅倫在自己的保守黨和英國獨立黨中面臨越來越大的壓力，議員們對目前英國和歐盟之間的關系感到不滿。數月以來，卡梅倫只能保證這個問題將在一個演講中得到回答。
果不其然，他話音剛落就遭到了歐盟成員國們的強烈反對。
2015年5月8日，卡梅倫成功連任首相（serve for another term of office），英國女王也在19天后宣布了“歐盟公投法案”（EU Referendum Bill），正式確認了英國脫歐公投。這場被稱作“Brexit”的風暴，從此拉開序幕。
2016.02.20 內閣確認公投日期
卡梅倫在歐盟峰會后召開內閣會議（Cabinet meeting），并且告訴英國民眾：
“I will go to Parliament and propose that the British people decide our future in Europe through an in-out referendum on Thursday, 23 June.”
“我將向議會提議，讓英國人民在6月23日星期四通過一個是走還是留的公民投票來決定我們在歐洲的未來。”
隨之而來的一個月，公投進入了準備期。
而在舉行投票的前一個月，卡梅倫現身英國城市威特尼（Witney），他改變了自己的立場站在了“留歐”的一邊，舉行了“反脫歐集會”（anti-Brexit March）。
2016.06.23 正式舉行全民公投
Britain is this morning heading out of the European Union after a historic referendum vote for “Out” stunned the world.
當日早上，英國在歷史性的投票中決定離開歐盟，這一消息震驚了世界。
The ultra-narrow margin of victory of 52 percent to 48 percent left the nation split down the middle and triggered Prime Minister David Cameron’s resignation.
51.9%對48.1%的小勝使得這個國家陷入了中間分裂的狀態，首相卡梅倫也因此辭職。
英國脫歐經過了3年的醞釀，終于在這一天做出了選擇。
英國脫歐兩周年大事記
▼ 2017.03.29
Theresa May triggers Article 50, which starts the clock on the process of the UK leaving the EU after she became prime minister
特蕾莎·梅在出任英國首相后啟動了《里斯本條約》第50條款，英國脫歐開始倒計時。
▼ 2017.06.26
Formal negotiations on withdrawal begin between the UK and the EU.
英國關于脫歐與歐盟開始正式談判，談判的三個重點是公民權利、分手費和南北愛爾蘭實際邊境問題。
▼ 2017.12.15
The EU agrees to move on to the second phase of negotiations after an agreement is reached on the Brexit “divorce bill”, Irish border, and EU citizens' rights.
歐盟同意就英國脫歐第一階段談判達成協議后進入第二階段。
▼ 2018.03.19
The UK and the EU take decisive steps in their negotiations. Agreements include dates for a transitional period after Brexit day, the status of EU citizens in the UK before and after that time, and a policy concerning fishing rights.
英國和歐盟在談判中采取決定性步驟。協議包括英國脫歐之后的過渡期，歐盟公民在此之前和之后的地位以及涉及捕魚業的相關政策。
▼ 2019.03.29
Brexit day – The UK will end its membership of the European Union at 11 pm local time and enter a transitional period.
退歐日——英國將于格林威治標準時間2019年3月29日晚23:00正式退出歐盟并進入過渡期
▼ 2020.12.31
The transitional period is due to end and the new economic and political relationship between the UK and the EU will begin.
過渡期結束，英國和歐盟之間新的經濟和政治關系將開始。
英國脫歐關鍵詞
《里斯本條約》第50條款 Article 50
英國脫歐的第一步，就是觸發《里斯本條約》的第50條款。
《衛報》在報道中說：
It’s only 250 words long but it has instantly become the defining clause in a war of words between Britain and the EU.
它只有區區250字，但卻成為了英國和歐盟口水戰中的界定條款。
Article 50 says: “Any member state may decide to withdraw from the union in accordance with its own constitutional requirements.”
第50條中有一條寫道：“任何成員國都可以根據自己的體制要求選擇退出（歐洲）聯盟。”
It gives the leaving country two years to negotiate an exit deal and once it's set in motion it can't be stopped except by unanimous consent of all member states.
它給決定離開的國家兩年時間談判退出協議，一旦條款被觸發，除非得到所有成員國的一致同意，否則不能停止。
No country had previously invoked article 50.
此前，沒有任何（歐盟）成員國啟動過該條款。
《歐盟退出法案》（舊稱《廢除條約草案》，Great Repeal Bill）
It's crunch time for the government's EU Withdrawal Bill - the bill that aims to ensure European law will no longer apply in the UK after Brexit.
所謂的《歐盟退出法案》——就是一個確保英國脫歐后不再適用歐洲法律的法案。
All existing EU legislation will be copied across into domestic UK law to ensure a smooth transition on the day after Brexit.
所有現有的歐盟立法都將被復制到英國國內法律中，以確保退歐后的順利過渡。
簡單來說，這一法案是要確保英國不會把原有適用于歐盟的法律帶入脫歐后，從而建立屬于英國自己的法律法制。
除此以外，英國還聲明要在脫歐后退出單一市場和關稅同盟。那么這兩個詞又是什么意思呢？
單一市場 Single Market
The European Union's single market is perhaps the most ambitious type of trade cooperation because, in addition to eliminating tariffs, quotas, or taxes on trade, it also includes the free movement of goods, services, capital, and people.
歐盟的單一市場也許是最雄心勃勃的貿易合作。它不但取消關稅、配額和貿易稅外，還包括著貨物、服務、資本和人員的自由流動。
A single market strives to remove so-called "non-tariff barriers" - different rules on packaging, safety, and standards – and many other rules are also abolished with common rules and regulations applying across the area.
單一市場力圖消除“非關稅壁壘” ——關于包裝、安全和標準的不同規定，也有許多其他規定被廢除，它讓整個領域都適用相同的規則和條例。
關稅同盟 Customs Union
The EU is not only a single market - it is also a customs union.
歐盟不僅是一個單一市場——它也是一個關稅同盟。
The countries have clubbed together and agreed to apply the same tariffs to goods that originate outside the union.
成員國們一致向來自歐盟外的貨品征取相同的關稅。
Once goods have cleared customs in one country, they can be shipped to others in the union without further tariffs being imposed.
一旦貨品在一個成員國入關后，就可以免稅進入其他成員國。
英國脫歐有何意義
? 脫歐對于英國和歐洲意味著什么？
Critics of Brexit say the UK deciding to go off on its own could create widespread job losses and economic uncertainty. Those advocating Brexit say breaking free will mean the nation can reduce taxes paid by its citizens and reduce the burden of immigration.
持批判觀點的人認為，如果英國決定脫歐，可能會造成廣泛的失業和經濟不確定性。然而，支持脫歐的人聲稱，通過脫歐，國家可以減少其公民的稅收并減輕移民帶來的負擔。
The EU is Great Britain’s largest trading partner. When the UK leaves the 28-nation partnership, its businesses may find they have far greater freedom to trade with companies around the world. However, if enterprises in the new EU are reluctant to do business with British firms, the UK companies could face substantial headwinds.
目前，歐盟是英國最大的貿易伙伴。如果英國離開，企業也許會在與全球其他公司貿易的時候更加自由。但是，如果屆時歐盟的企業不愿意與英國的公司開展業務，那么這些公司可能會面臨很大的阻力。
Many international companies seem to be erring on the side of caution and drawing up plans to relocate away from the UK and into mainland Europe.
現在，許多跨國公司都在謹慎行事，并且制定了從英國遷往歐洲大陸的計劃。
err on the side of caution：寧求穩妥，不愿涉險
Morgan Stanley has confirmed it is moving up to 10 percent of its United Kingdom workforce, and Goldman Sachs has also shown signs of having itchy feet, gradually increasing its presence in mainland Europe.
摩根士丹利已經證實，正在轉移大約10%的英國員工（去歐洲），高盛公司也有跡象表明要逐漸將重心向歐洲轉移。
Tarek Al-Wazir, the economy minister for the state of Hesse in Germany, is confident many companies will relocate to Hamburg.
德國黑森州（德國金融之都法蘭克福所在地）的經濟部長Tarek Al-Wazir坦言，他相信將會有很多公司搬到漢堡。
? 脫歐對于中國意味著什么？
Early in 2018, Xinhua news service reported that Britain was China’s second-largest trading partner within the EU and that China was Britain’s second-largest non-EU trading partner.
新華社在2018年初報道稱，英國是中國在歐盟內的第二大貿易伙伴，而中國也是英國第二大非歐盟貿易伙伴。
Tony Samuels, a solicitor and notary public in the city of London, who has worked closely with many of China’s leading financial institutions, told China Daily that, in a turbulent world, the ability to take a broad view, and stability, are two key elements to ensure security. He said these factors make Brexit an opportunity for Sino-British ties to become stronger than ever.
Tony Samuels是倫敦的一名律師和公證人，他與許多中國金融機構都有密切的合作，他告訴中國日報，在這個動蕩的世界里，能夠有更寬廣的視野和更確切的穩定性，是保障安全的兩個關鍵因素。這些都是使英國脫歐成為中英關系發展更加密切的因素。
“With or without Brexit, Shanghai deals more with London than anywhere else in the world, so pre- or post-Brexit, China is crucial to our trade going forward. The EU and USA are our main trading partners at the moment, but my guess is that in 15 or so years, China might overtake them both.”
“無論英國脫歐與否，上海與倫敦的貿易量遠遠超過世界其他地區。因此，無論是在脫歐前還是脫歐后，中國對我們的貿易前景都至關重要。歐盟和美國目前是我們主要的貿易伙伴，但我猜，在15年左右的時間里中國可能會超過它們。”
“China is going to be a major player here and vice-versa.”
“中國將成為這里的主角，英國之于中國也一樣。”
“I think Britain will have a specific trade agreement with China, especially in finance and technology.”
“我想英國和中國會達成一個特定的貿易協議，特別是在金融和技術方面。”
“That’s what I’d like to see, a specific agreement with China that works for both countries for many years to come.”
“這就是我希望看到的——與中國達成的一項具體協議，未來很多年里兩國都會受益于這個協議。”
（來源：中國日報歐洲分社）
